Strategies to identify hepatitis C virus infection in patients receiving anticancer therapy: a cross-sectional study

Background Optimal hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening strategies for cancer patients have not been established. We compared the performance of selective HCV screening strategies. Methods We surveyed patients presenting for first systemic anticancer therapy during 2013–2014 for HCV risk factors. We estimated the prevalence of positivity for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) and examined factors associated with anti-HCV status using Fisher’s exact test or Student’s t test. Sensitivity was calculated for screening patients born during 1945–1965, patients with ≥ 1 other risk factor, or both cohorts (“combined screening”). Results We enrolled 2122 participants. Median age was 59 years (range, 18–91); 1138 participants were women. Race/ethnicity distribution was white non-Hispanic, 76% ( n = 1616); Hispanic, 11% ( n = 233); black non-Hispanic, 8% ( n = 160); Asian, 4% ( n = 78); and other, 2% ( n = 35). Primary cancer distribution was non-liver solid tumor, 78% ( n = 1664); hematologic cancer, 20% ( n = 422); and liver cancer, 1% ( n = 28). Prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.93% (95% CI, 1.39%–2.61%). Over 28% of patients with detectable HCV RNA were unaware of infection. Factors significantly associated with anti-HCV positivity included less than a bachelor’s degree, birth in 1945–1965, chronic liver disease, injection drug use, and blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992. A total of 1315 participants (62%), including 39 of 41 with anti-HCV, reported ≥ 1 risk factor. Sensitivity was 80% (95% CI, 65–91%) for birth-cohort-based, 68% (95% CI, 52–82%) for other-risk-factor-based, and 95% (95% 83–99%) for combined screening. Conclusion Combined screening still missed 5% of patients with anti-HCV. These findings favor universal HCV screening to identify all HCV-infected cancer patients.