Different changes in granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and its correlation with inflammatory biomarkers in patients after traumatic brain injury.

Objective This study analyzed changes in granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and its correlation with leukocyte and neutrophil counts in patients after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Sixty TBI patients were included retrospectively. The serum levels of G-CSF, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and peripheral leukocyte and neutrophil counts at different time points were measured and analyzed, and the 6-month functional outcomes were monitored. Results The levels of G-CSF in mild and moderate TBI groups were higher than the control at the first three time points. G-CSF in the severe TBI group increased slowly and peaked at day 7, and was only significantly different from the control at day 7 and 14. The leukocyte and neutrophil counts of the mild group gradually decreased, but a second increase after day 4 was observed in the severe group. The cell counts were higher in the severe group compared to other groups. A positive correlation between G-CSF and leukocyte and neutrophil counts was observed in the severe group at day 1. G-CSF positively correlated with TNF-alpha in the severe group at day 4 and 7. In severe patients with a good outcome, G-CSF level at day 7 was significantly higher than those with a poor outcome. Conclusion The G-CSF levels in the severe TBI group exhibited a different pattern from those in the mild and moderate TBI groups, and these levels positively correlated with inflammatory biomarkers. Higher G-CSF levels in severe TBI at day 7 indicated a good outcome at 6 months.