Feasibility of Time Synchronization Attacks against PMU-based State-Estimation

The emerging measurement technology of phasor measurement units (PMUs) makes it possible to estimate the state of electrical grids in real time, thus opening the way to new protection and control applications. PMUs rely on precise time synchronization; therefore, they are vulnerable to time-synchronization attacks (TSAs), which alter the measured voltage and current phases. In particular, undetect...