Experimental characterisation of in-to-out-body path loss at 433 MHz in dairy cows

In this Letter, for the first time, the in-to-out-body path loss between an antenna placed inside the cows’ rumen and a distant gateway was characterised at 433 MHz. Measurements were conducted on seven different fistulated cows using a signal generator and a spectrum analyser. Subsequent measurement of the antenna in free space was used to quantify the path loss increase due to the cow body. Resu...