Influence of Microbial Symbionts on Plant–Insect Interactions

There is growing evidence that microorganisms are important 'hidden players' in insecteplant interactions. Insect symbionts can directly affect these interactions by providing insects with key nutrients or by interfering with the plant to modulate food provisioning to insects and plant defences. Insect symbionts can also have indirect cascading ecological consequences at the community level through insect-and plant-mediated effects that include their impact on insect reproduction, on natural enemies of herbivores or on plant-associated microorganisms. Identification of symbiotic communities associated with insects, characterization of transmission and acquisition patterns as well as understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying these plant-insect-microbe interactions have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. This review highlights the excitement that surrounds these investigations and the promise they hold for a better understanding of the functional, ecological and evolutionary impacts of symbionts on plant-insect interactions, with implications and relevance for both applied and fundamental researches.