An analysis of optical contributions to a photo-sensor's ballistic fingerprints.

Lens aberrations have previously been used to determine the provenance of an image. However, this is not necessarily unique to an image sensor, as lens systems are often interchanged. Photo-response non-uniformity noise was proposed in 2005 by Lukáš, Goljan and Fridrich as a stochastic signal which describes a sensor uniquely, akin to a “ballistic” fingerprint. This method, however, did not account for additional sources of bias such as lens artefacts and temperature.