Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting of bismuth vanadate by photon upconversion luminescent reflector.

As the performance of photoanodes for solar water splitting steadily improves, the extension of the absorption wavelength in the photoanodes is highly necessary to substantially improve the water splitting. We use a luminescent back reflector (LBR) capable of photon upconversion (UC) to improve the light harvesting capabilities of Mo:BiVO4 photoelectrodes. The LBR is prepared by dispersing the organic dye pair meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphine palladium and perylene capable of triplet-triplet annhilation-based UC in a polymer film. The LBR converts the wavelengths of 600-650nm corresponding to the sub-band gap of Mo:BiVO4 and the wavelengths of 350-450nm that are not sufficiently absorbed in Mo:BiVO4 to a wavelength that can be absorbed by a Mo:BiVO4 photoelectrode. The LBR improves the water splitting reaction of Mo:BiVO4 photoelectrodes by 17%, and consequently, the Mo:BiVO4/LBR exhibits a photocurrent density of 5.25mAcm(-2) at 1.23V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. The Mo:BiVO4/LBR exhibits hydrogen/oxygen evolution corresponding to the increased photocurrent density and long-term operational stability for the water splitting reaction.