Loss of the Martian atmosphere to space: Present-day loss rates determined from MAVEN observations and integrated loss through time

Bruce M. Jakosky,D. A. Brain,M. S. Chaffin,S. M. Curry,Justin Deighan,Joseph M. Grebowsky,J. S. Halekas,François Leblanc,Robert J. Lillis,J. G. Luhmann,L. Andersson, N. André,D. J. Andrews,Darren Baird,D. N. Baker,J. M. Bell,Mehdi Benna,Dolon Bhattacharyya,Stephen W. Bougher, Charlie Bowers,Phillip C. Chamberlin,Jean-Yves Chaufray,John Clarke,Glyn Collinson,Michael R. Combi,J. E. P. Connerney,Kyle Connour,J. Correira, Kyle Crabb,Frank Judson Crary,T. E. Cravens,M. Crismani,G. T. Delory,Ryan M. Dewey,Gina A. DiBraccio,Chuanfei Dong,Y. Dong,P. A. Dunn,Hilary Egan,Meredith Elrod,Scott L. England,F. G. Eparvier, R. E. Ergun,Anders Eriksson, Teresa Esman,J. R. Espley,Scott Evans, Kathryn Fallows,Xiaohua Fang,M. O. Fillingim, C. Flynn, A. Fogle,C. M. Fowler,Jane L. Fox,M. Fujimoto,P. Garnier,Z. Girazian,Hannes Groeller,Jacob R. Gruesbeck,O. Hamil,K. Hanley,Takuya Hara,Y. Harada, Jacob Hermann,Mika Holmberg,Greg Holsclaw, S. Houston,S. Inui,S. K. Jain,Rebecca Jolitz,A. Kotova,Takeshi Kuroda,D. Larson,Yuni Lee,C. Lee,Franck Lefèvre, Christy Lentz,D. Y. Lo, Rafael Lugo,Yingjuan Ma,Paul R. Mahaffy, Melissa Marquette,Y. Matsumoto,Majd Mayyasi,Christian Mazelle,William E. McClintock,J. P. McFadden,Alexander S. Medvedev,Michael Mendillo,K. Meziane,Zachariah Milby,D. L. Mitchell,Ronan Modolo,Franck Montmessin,Andrew F. Nagy,Hiromu Nakagawa,Clara Narvaez, Kirk Olsen,D. Pawlowski,W. K. Peterson,A. Rahmati,Kali J. Roeten,Norberto Romanelli,S. Ruhunusiri,C. T. Russell,Shotaro Sakai,Nicholas M. Schneider,Kanako Seki,R. Sharrar,S. R. Shaver,David E. Siskind,Marek Slipski, Yasir Soobiah, M. Steckiewicz,Michael H. Stevens,Ian Stewart,Arnaud Stiepen,S. Stone,Valeriy M. Tenishev,Naoki Terada,Kaori Terada,E. M. B. Thiemann, Robert Heath Tolson,Gabor Zsolt Toth,Jeffrey Trovato,Marissa F. Vogt,Tristan Weber,Paul Withers,Shaosui Xu,Roger V. Yelle,Erdal Yiğit,Richard W. Zurek

Icarus（2018）

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摘要

•MAVEN has observed the Martian upper atmosphere for a full Martian year, and has determined the rate of loss of gas to space and the driving processes; 1–2 kg/s of gas are being lost.•The loss rate extrapolated back in time gives an estimate of the total loss of gas to space and its impact on Martian climate history; an estimated 0.8 bars or more of CO2 likely has been lost.•Loss to space has been the major process driving climate change on Mars.

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关键词

Mars,Atmosphere,Solar wind,Mars atmosphere,Mars climate,Magnetospheres

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