An Energy-Optimal Warm-Up Strategy for Li-Ion Batteries and Its Approximations

The resistance of lithium-ion cells increases at subzero temperatures reducing the cells' power availability. One way to improve a cell's performance in these adverse operation conditions is to proactively heat them. This paper considers the scenario in which a cell is heated from both inside and outside; a current is drawn from the cell to power a convective heater and Joule heating warms the cel...