A quad-core-coupled triple-push 295-to-301 GHz source with 1.25 mW peak output power in 65nm CMOS using slow-wave effect

Achieving high output power in (sub-)THz voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) has been a severe design challenge in CMOS technology. In this work, an architecture for coupled terahertz (THz) VCOs is presented. The architecture utilizes four coupled triple-push VCOs and combines the generated third harmonic currents using slow-wave coplanar waveguide (S-CPW) at 300 GHz. Coupling four cores increases output power, and use of S-CPW reduces the loss and increases the quality factor of the VCO tank. It is shown that using S-CPW results in ∼2.6 dB of lower loss as compared to the conventional CPW or grounded-CPW (GCPW) structures. The VCO is tuned using parasitic tuning technique and achieves 1.7% frequency tuning range (FTR). The proposed structure is designed and fabricated in a 65-nm bulk CMOS process. The measured peak output power of the 295-to-301 GHz VCO is 0.9 dBm (≈1.25 mW) at 300 GHz while consuming 235 mW (with a DC to RF efficiency of 0.52%).