Discovering relational specifications

Formal specifications of library functions play a critical role in a number of program analysis and development tasks. We present Bach, a technique for discovering likely relational specifications from data describing input–output behavior of a set of functions comprising a library or a program. Relational specifications correlate different executions of different functions; for instance, commutativity, transitivity, equivalence of two functions, etc. Bach combines novel insights from program synthesis and databases to discover a rich array of specifications. We apply Bach to learn specifications from data generated for a number of standard libraries. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates Bach’s ability to learn useful and deep specifications in a small amount of time.