The evaluation of a novel haptic-enabled virtual reality approach for computer-aided cephalometry

•Computer-aided cephalometric systems tend not to be practical and intuitive.•A new haptic-enabled landmarking approach for 3D cephalometry is proposed.•Several experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the proposed approach.•Haptic technologies facilities the landmark selection process in 3D cephalometry.•The haptic user interface allows the user to feel and touch the virtual patient's skull.