Orientational Tuning of the Fermi Sea of Confined Electrons at the SrTiO 3 (110) and (111) Surfaces

We report the existence of confined electronic states at the (110) and (111) surfaces of SrTiO3. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we find that the corresponding Fermi surfaces, subband masses, and orbital ordering are different from the ones at the (001) surface of SrTiO3. This occurs because the crystallographic symmetries of the surface and subsurface planes and the effective electron masses along the confinement direction influence the symmetry of the electronic structure and the orbital ordering of the t(2g) manifold. Remarkably, our analysis of the data also reveals that the carrier concentration and thickness are similar for all three surface orientations, despite their different polarities. The orientational tuning of the microscopic properties of two-dimensional electron states at the surface of SrTiO3 echoes the tailoring of macroscopic (e.g., transport) properties reported recently in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (110) and (111) interfaces, and is promising for searching new types of two-dimensional electronic states in correlated-electron oxides.