A Uniform Paradigm to Succinctly Encode Various Families of Trees

We propose a uniform method to encode various types of trees succinctly. These families include ordered (ordinal), k -ary (cardinal), and unordered (free) trees. We will show the approach is intrinsically suitable for obtaining entropy-based encodings of trees (such as the degree-distribution entropy). Previously-existing succinct encodings of trees use ad hoc techniques to encode each particular family of trees. Additionally, the succinct encodings obtained using the uniform approach improve upon the existing succinct encodings of each family of trees; in the case of ordered trees, it simplifies the encoding while supporting the full set of navigational operations. It also simplifies the implementation of many supported operations. The approach applied to k -ary trees yields a succinct encoding that supports both cardinal-type operations (e.g. determining the child label i ) as well as the full set of ordinal-type operations (e.g. reporting the number of siblings to the left of a node). Previous work on succinct encodings of k -ary trees does not support both types of operations simultaneously (Benoit et al. in Algorithmica 43(4):275–292, 2005 ; Raman et al. in ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 233–242, 2002 ). For unordered trees, the approach achieves the first succinct encoding. The approach is based on two recursive decompositions of trees into subtrees. Recursive decomposition of a structure into substructures is a common technique in succinct encodings and has even been used to encode (ordered) trees (Geary et al. in ACM Trans. Algorithms 2(4):510–534, 2006 ; He et al. in ICALP, pp. 509–520, 2007 ) and dynamic binary trees (Munro et al. in ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 529–536, 2001 ; Storm in Representing dynamic binary trees succinctly, Master’s thesis, 2000 ). The main distinction of the approach in this paper is that a tree is decomposed into subtrees in a manner that the subtrees are maximally isolated from each other. This intermediate decomposition result is interesting in its own right and has proved useful in other applications (Farzan et al. in ICALP (1), pp. 451–462, 2009 ; Farzan and Munro in ICALP (1), pp. 439–450, 2009 ; Farzan and Kamali in ICALP, 2011 ).